Palm kernel shells (PKS) are utilized as a sustainable biofuel for industrial boilers and kilns, a raw material for activated carbon used in water purification and as a reducing agent, a lightweight aggregate and filler in concrete and other building materials, and a component in the manufacturing of composites and plastic materials. PKS also finds applications in agriculture as a soil amendment and as a feedstock for energy generation through syngas and biodiesel production.  

Energy & Biofuel

Fuel Source:

PKS has a high calorific value and can substitute conventional fossil fuels like coal in industrial boilers, furnaces, and brick kilns. 

Syngas & Biodiesel:

PKS can be used as a biofuel to produce syngas and biodiesel, contributing to renewable energy development. 

Construction & Materials

Lightweight Aggregate:

PKS can be processed to serve as a lightweight aggregate in concrete, reducing its overall cost and potentially enhancing mechanical properties. 

Filler Material:

It can be used as a filler in plastic composites, construction materials, and even in the reinforcement of polymers and metals. 

Thermal Insulation:

Palm kernel shells offer properties suitable for thermal insulation applications. 

Industrial & Chemical Applications 

Activated Carbon:

PKS can be processed into activated carbon, a highly effective adsorbent used in water treatment to remove heavy metals and other contaminants.

Reducing Agent:

In industrial processes, activated carbon derived from PKS can act as a reducing agent.

Electronics & Other Uses:

PKS charcoal can be used in the manufacture of electronic products, such as electrodes, and in the production of rubber vulcanizates.

Agriculture

Organic Fertilizer: Palm kernel shell charcoal can function as an organic fertilizer to improve soil fertility and promote plant growth. 

Soil Stabilization: PKS has also shown potential for use in soil stabilization applications. 

Other Applications

Costume Jewellery: The resourceful nature of palm kernel shell allows it to be utilized in the creation of costume jewellery. 

Abrasive: PKS has been identified as a potential abrasive material.